Learning Motivation and Self-Directed Learning as Mediators of Academic Resilience on Well-Being: A PLS-SEM Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70152/jees.v3i1.398Article Metrics
Keywords:
academic resilience, academic well-being, elementary school students, learning motivation, self-directed learningAbstract
This study was conducted to examine the effects of academic resilience and learning motivation, self-directed learning, and academic well-being as mediators of learning motivation and self-directed learning. A cross-sectional research design utilized a sample of 240 students from an elementary school in Indonesia. After the data was collected through structured observation tools, SmartPLS 3 was used to analyze the data using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that academic resilience has a significant effect on self-directed learning and learning motivation, but it doesn't directly impact students' academic well-being. In addition, self-directed learning and learning motivation significantly predict academic well-being. However, the mediation analysis shows that this variability partly acts as a mediator in the relationship between academic resilience and students' academic well-being. The results show that just boosting resilience isn't enough to improve academic health if it's not accompanied by greater learning motivation and self-directed teaching. By providing an integrated model that explains how academic well-being affects the academic resilience of elementary school students in Indonesia, this study helps educational psychology. In addition, it also offers practical advice on how to create school interventions that support students' academic achievement and overall well-being.
Downloads
References
Abdolrezapour, p., ganjeh, s. J., & ghanbari, n. (2023). Self-efficacy and resilience as predictors of students’ academic motivation in online education. Plos one, 18(5), e0285984. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285984
Agormedah, e. K. (2025). Association between learning engagement and learning satisfaction among first-year business students in higher education: the moderating effect of gender. Discover education, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-025-00499-2
Bagdžiūnienė, d., žukauskaitė, i., bulotaitė, l., & sargautytė, r. (2025). Study and personal resources of university students’ academic resilience and the relationship with positive psychological outcomes. Frontiers in psychology, 16, 1517359. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1517359
Barbayannis, g., bandari, m., zheng, x., & baquerizo, h. (2022). Academic stress and mental well-being in college students: correlations, affected groups, and. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 886344. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.886344
Bureau, j. S., howard, j. L., chong, j. X. Y., & guay, f. (2022). Pathways to student motivation: a meta-analysis of antecedents of autonomous and controlled motivations. Review of educational research, 92(1), 46–72. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543211042426
Cassidy, s. (2015). Resilience building in students: the role of academic self-efficacy. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 1781. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01781
Cepeda-carrión, g., hair, j. F., ringle, c. M., roldán, j. L., & garcía-fernández, j. (2022). Guest editorial: sports management research using partial least squares structural equation modeling (pls-sem). International journal of sports marketing and sponsorship, 23(2), 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-05-2022-242
Cepeda-carrión, g., hair, j. F., ringle, c. M., roldán, j. L., & garcía-fernández, j. (2022). Guest editorial: sports management research using partial least squares structural equation modeling (pls-sem). International journal of sports marketing and sponsorship, 23(2), 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-05-2022-242
Curran, p. J., west, s. G., & finch, j. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological methods, 1(1), 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.1.1.16
Davis, sk ., & hadwin, af (2021). Exploring the relationship between psychological well-being and self-directed learning in university students’ academic success. Frontline learning research , 9 (1), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.14786/flr.v9i1.581
Fullerton, d. J., zhang, l. M., & kleitman, s. (2021). An integrative process model of resilience in an academic context: resilience resources, coping strategies, and positive adaptation. Plos one, 16(2 february), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246000
Gajda, m., jasińska-maciążek, a., grygiel, p., opozda-suder, s., & dolata, r. (2025). Self-regulation as a mediator and moderator between school stress and school well-being: a multilevel study. European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education, 15(12), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120259
Gómez-urquiza, j. L., velando-soriano, a., membrive-jiménez, m. J., ramírez-baena, l., aguayo-estremera, r., ortega-campos, e., & cañadas-de la fuente, g. A. (2023). Prevalence and levels of burnout in nursing students: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Nurse education in practice, 72, 103753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103753
Guay, f. (2022). Applying self-determination theory to education: regulations types, psychological needs, and autonomy supporting behaviors. Canadian journal of school psychology, 37(1), 75–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/08295735211055355
Hair, j. F., ringle, c. M., & liengaard, b. D. (2024). Going beyond the untold facts in pls – sem and moving forward. 58(13), 81–106. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejm-08-2023-0645
Ikhlas, m., pentang, j. T., yasmin, l., & yusup, m. (2025). Self-regulated learning of college students toward ict. International journal on. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijonse.5108
Isabelle, a., christian, l., & ruhnau, r. C. M. (2025). Women ’ s underrepresentation in business ‑ to ‑ business sales : reasons , contingencies , and solutions. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 53(2), 533–562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-023-00988-6
Journal, m. (2025). The influence of well-being towards academic achievement among elementary learners. 6, 883–894. Hal.science. https://doi.org/10.70838/pemj.560605
Li, y., sueb, r., & hashim, k. S. (2025). Basic psychological needs and psychological well-being among undergraduate students in china: the mediating role of autonomous motivation and academic engagement. Psychology research and behavior management, 18(march), 527–549. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s501467
Liu, j. (2025). Psychological pathways in enterprise participation in university-industry collaboration : how does social cognitive theory explain participation willingness ?. Frontiers in psychology, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1578950
Luo, y., lin, j., & yang, y. (2021). Students’ motivation and continued intent on with online self-regulated learning: a self-determination theory perspective. Zeitschrift fur erziehungswissenschaft, 24(6), 1379–1399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11618-021-01042-3
Martin, f. J., amode, m. R., aneja, a., austine-orimoloye, o., azov, a. G., barnes, i., becker, a., bennett, r., berry, a., bhai, j., bhurji, s. K., bignell, a., boddu, s., branco lins, p. R., brooks, l., ramaraju, s. B., charkhchi, m., cockburn, a., da rin fiorretto, l., … flicek, p. (2023). Nucleic acids research, 51(1 d), d933–d941. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkac958
Melaku, b. K., darge negasi, r., & tamiru tolla, t. (2025). Academic resilience mediating perceived academic support and achievement in first-year university students. Cogent education, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186x.2025.2581417
Bardach, l., & klassen, r. M. (2021). Teacher motivation and student outcomes: searching for the signal. Educational psychologist, 56(4), 283-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2021.1991799
Mylonas, g., kalogeras, a., molina-, v., & nú, p. (2024). Heliyon exploring the transformative power of ai in art through a circular economy lens . A systematic literature review. Heliyon a cell press journal, 10(january). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25388
Pamungkas, t. K. (2022). Peranan motivasi belajar terhadap aktifitas belajar siswa (the role of motivation in student learning activities). Jurnal pendidikan dan kajian aswaja, 7(2), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.56013/jpka.v7i2.1162
Pérez-jorge, d., boutaba-alehyan, m., & gonzález-contreras, a. I. (2025). Student well-being in higher education. Humanities and social sciences communications, 2025, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-04698-y
Renshaw, t. L., long, a. C. J., & cook, c. R. (2015). Assessing teachers ’ positive psychological functioning at work : development and validation of the teacher subjective wellbeing questionnaire. School psychology quarterly, 30(2), 289–306. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000112
Resma wahyuni, firdaus l.n, riki apriyandi putra, mariani natalina linggasari, putri adita wulandara, m. F. (2025). Integration of tarbawi values in the islamic curriculum based on emotional 4.0. Paedagogie, 9(2), 876–885. https://doi.org/10.31603/paedagogie.v20i2.15330
Romano, l.; angelini, g.; consiglio, p.; fiorilli, c (2021). Academic resilience and engagement in high school students: the mediating role of perceived teacher emotional support. Eur. J. Investig. Health psychol educ. 2021, 11, 334–344. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ejihpe11020025
Ross, p. M., & locke, e. S. W. (2023). Stress adaptation and resilience of academics in higher education. Asia pacific education review, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-023-09829-1
Ryan, r. M., & deci, e. L. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination theory perspective: definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. Contemporary educational psychology, 61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101860
Sarstedt, m., hair, j. F., ringle, c. M., & liengaard, b. D. (2022). Progress in partial least squares structural equation modeling use in marketing research in the last decade. Pschycology & marketing. January, 1035–1064. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21640
Sarstedt, m., & liu, y. (2024). Advanced marketing analytics using partial least squares structural equation modeling ( pls ‑ sem ). Journal of marketing analytics, 12(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41270-023-00279-7
septinityas, e., rakhmawati, d., & yulianti, p. D. (2022). Hubungan antara efikasi diri dengan kemandirian belajar siswa kelas viii smp negeri 31 semarang (the relationship between self-efficacy and academic autonomy among eighth-grade students at smp negeri 31 semarang) . G-couns: jurnal bimbingan dan konseling, 6(2), 185-196. https//doi.org/10.31316/g.couns.v6i2.3458
Shao, y., kang, s., lu, q., zhang, c., & li, r. (2024). How peer relationships affect academic achievement among junior high school students : the chain mediating roles of learning motivation and learning engagement. Bmc pcsychology, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01780-z
Shen, y., feng, h., & li, x. (2024). Academic resilience in nursing students: a concept analysis. Bmc nursing, 23(1), 466. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-024-02133-2
Slemp, g. R., field, j. G., ryan, r. M., forner, v. W., van den broeck, a., & lewis, k. J. (2024). Interpersonal supports for basic psychological needs and their relations with motivation, well-being, and performance: a meta-analysis. Journal of personality and social psychology, 127(5), 1012–1037. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000459
Sofyani, h. (2025). Penggunaan teknik partial least square (pls) dalam riset akuntansi berbasis survei (the use of partial least squares (pls) in survey-based accounting research.). Reviu akuntansi dan bisnis indonesia, 9(1), 80–94. https://doi.org/10.18196/rabin.v9i1.26199
Sun, y., & liu, l. (2023). Structural equation modeling of university students’ academic resilience academic well-being, personality and educational attainment in online classes with tencent meeting application in china: investigating the role of student engagement. Bmc psychology, 11(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01366-1
Taheri-kharameh, z., khalili, z., sharafi, h., & khahan-yazdi, i. (2024). Academic well-being in medical students: the role of spiritual health and academic hope. Health professions education, 10(3), 211–217. https://doi.org/10.55890/2452-3011.1289
Urhahne, d., & wijnia, l. (2023). Theories of motivation in education : an integrative. In educational psychology review (vol. 35, issue 2). Springer us. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-023-09767-9
Vanti, e. N., & supandi, e. D. (2020). Pembentukan portofolio optimal dengan menggunakan mean absolute deviation dan conditional mean variance (optimal portfolio construction using mean absolute deviation and conditional mean variance) . Jurnal fourier, 9(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.14421/fourier.2020.91.25-34
Vu, t., magis-weinberg, l., & jansen, b. R. J. (2022). Motivation-achievement cycles in learning : a literature review and research agenda. Educational psychology review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09616-7
Wang, y., wang, h., wang, s., wind, s. A., & gill, c. (2024). A systematic review and meta-analysis of self-determination-theory-based interventions in the education context. Learning and motivation, 87(june), 102015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2024.102015
Williams, k. E., berthelsen, d., & laurens, k. R. (2022). Academic resilience from school entry to third grade: child, parenting, and school factors associated with closing competency gaps. Plos one, 17(11 november), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277551
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Diva Aurelia Putri, Arildwika Putra, Komariyah, Nabila Syalsya Az Zahwa Y

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright for this article is held by the authors under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The article may be used, shared, and adapted for any purpose with proper attribution and distribution under the same license. Full license details: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/










